scarification

Hunting Spears: Hunting spears are usually made from Tecoma vine. These vines are not straight but in fact curly. To straighten them the maker dries out the moisture by heating the branch over a small fire while it is still green. While doing this he shapes it into the form that he wants. A wooden barb is attached to the spearhead by using kangaroo (sometimes emu) sinew. the opposite end is then tapered to fit onto a spear thrower. On completion, the spear is usually around 270 centimeters (9 feet) long. Spear Thrower/Woomera A spear-thrower is also commonly known as a Woomera or Miru. The spear-thrower is usually made from mulga wood and has a multi-function purpose. It is however primarily designed to launch a spear. The thrower grips the end covered with spinifex resin and places the end of the spear into the small peg on the end of the woomera. The spear can then be launched with substantial power at an enemy or prey. Inserted in the spinifex resin of the handle of many spear throwers is a very sharp piece of quartz rock. This is used for cutting, shaping, or sharpening. The spear-thrower was also used as a fire-making saw, as a receptacle of mixing ochre, in ceremonies, and also to deflect spears in battle. Source: mbantua.com.au/weapons/

Kanuri people from Dikwa, Dikwa is a town in the present day Borno State in Nigeria. I suggest the picture is a Nigeria picture.

Indigenous Australians have occupied the Atherton Tablelands for tens of thousands of years. While the oldest human occupation site found in the region is Walkunder Arch Cave at Chillagoe, which dates to 18 000 years,1 pollen analysis shows that the frequency of fires beginning around 45 000 years ago is indicative of human occupation. At the time of European arrival, the eastern, rainforest-covered part of the tableland was the home of the Djirrbal and Ngadjonji tribes who were part of the Djirrbalngan language group. The drier, more open forests to the west were peopled by the Jidabal and Barbarum, while the northern end around Kuranda was the domain of the Yidinji. There were elements of aboriginal culture on the Atherton Tablelands that differed from other areas of Australia. As around Cairns and the coastal region, it was observed by J.V. Mulligan, and others that some of the aboriginal camps were 'semi-permanent,' and resembled townships. Cleared areas and walking tracks were maintained, and the people were not strictly nomadic. The coming of white settlers caused great disruption to the aboriginal traditional way of life. There was frontier warfare, dislocation, starvation, and instances of wholesale massacres of groups of blacks. It is estimated that the population of aborigines in the Cairns-Tableland region was reduced to less than 20% in just 20 years. After the period of frontier warfare, surviving aborigines were subject to the protectionist policies of the government. Aborigines were removed from their traditional lands and placed on government reservations or church missions. Despite attempts to exterminate the original people of the tablelands, and policies designed to remove them from their homeland, indigenous people have survived, and have more recently been recognized as the original owners of the land. Source: athertontablelandnetguide.com/history/tableland-history.htm