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Memorial at the grave of James Ryan, a pauper who claimed to be Dan Kelly, the brother of Ned Kelly the famous bushranger. In 1933, an elderly man known as James Ryan, claimed to Brisbane`s Truth newspaper that he was, in fact, Dan Kelly, the brother of Ned Kelly. According to this and other articles which appeared in the newspaper, James Ryan, or Dan Kelly, escaped along with Steve Hart from the siege in the burning hotel at Glenrowan on 28 June 1880 and headed to Queensland with nothing but a new identity. The supposed bodies of Dan Kelly and Steve Hart were reduced to charcoal in the intense fire and were never positively identified. Speculation has been rife for over a century that Dan Kelly and Steve Hart managed to escape during the smoke, fire and commotion as Ann Jones` hotel burnt to the ground, probably assisted by a deliberately wrong "positive identification" by visiting Catholic Priest Father Gibney. The Truth newspaper reported that hundreds of historians from all over the country and even those who had associations with the Kelly`s could not disprove that James Ryan was truly Dan Kelly. Half a century after his gruesome death, a memorial has been erected at the grave site of a man who claimed he was an escaped member of the legendary Kelly Gang. James Ryan, buried in the pauper's section of Ipswich Cemetery, said his true identity was Dan Kelly: the brother of Australia's most famous bushranger, Edward 'Ned' Kelly. The memorial, which included a sandstone marker to identify the grave, a replica of Ned Kelly's suit of armour and a plaque recounting his story, was erected today in order to honour his memory after 50 years, says Ipswich Councillor Paul Tully. Erected on 11 November, it was also the 118th anniversary of Ned Kelly's hanging in Melbourne Gaol. Source: monumentaustralia.org.au/themes/people/crime/display/9169...

A swagman (also called a swaggie, sundowner or tussocker) was a transient labourer who travelled by foot from farm to farm carrying his belongings in a swag (bedroll). The term originated in Australia in the 19th century and was later used in New Zealand. Swagmen were particularly common in Australia during times of economic uncertainty, such as the 1890s and the Great Depression of the 1930s. Many unemployed men travelled the rural areas of Australia on foot, their few meagre possessions rolled up and carried in their swag. Their swag was frequently referred to as "Matilda", hence Waltzing Matilda refers to walking with their swag. Typically, they would seek work in farms and towns they travelled through, and in many cases the farmers, if no permanent work was available, would provide food and shelter in return for some menial task. The figure of the "jolly swagman", represented most famously in Banjo Paterson's bush poem "Waltzing Matilda", became a folk hero in 19th-century Australia, and is still seen today as a symbol of anti-authoritarian values that Australians considered to be part of the national character. Source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swagman

....the Islanders in most areas of the Pacific depended on continuous contact with Europeans for the supply of pipes, but in some parts of the Solomon Islands, the inhabitants established a clay pipe manufacturing industry which satisfied, in part at least, the newly-acquired habit and lessened native dependence on Europeans. ....the pipe-making craft...developed on Buka Island at the northern end of the Solomon Islands in the late nineteenth century, .. and was adopted by villages which did not traditionally make pottery. Source: JOURNAL ARTICLE SMOKING PIPES AND CULTURE CHANGE ON BUKA ISLAND, PAPUA NEW GUINEA Jim Specht The Journal of the Polynesian Society Vol. 84, No. 3 (SEPTEMBER 1975), pp. 356-364